Safe and Unsafe Buildings in the Moore Tornado

A massive F4/5 tornado struck very near many of our friends and families homes and places of business. We are praying for the emergency response teams and all affected by the devastating storm.  Although buildings can be rebuilt peoples lives are changed forever. There are however reasons some buildings are safer than others in tornadoes and some knowledge of building structures may help save lives. 

Storm Shelter Design in Oklahoma Schools - What happened?

Storm safe shelters built above ground designed to FEMA standards can greatly increase chances of survival. Many Oklahoma schools designed in the last 20 years have storm safe areas that are designed to FEMA standards. These safe areas are constructed  in pods on the interior of a school and able to contain all of the occupants of the school. They are typically designed with steel reinforced poured-in-place concrete walls, reinforced concrete roof and impact resistant metal doors and frames with pressure resistant closing and locking mechanisms.

Many districts have not included storm safe areas in their new schools due to the additional cost or not being able to obtain federal funding thru FEMA.  Many of Moore, Oklahoma's newer schools have storm safe areas. The schools hit by the tornado were older schools that were constructed of brick and concrete block veneer with steel frames. The tornado that hit these schools pulled the metal roof members and deck away from the block walls that used the roof as support. The unsupported lateral stability of these block walls were subjected to 200 mph winds that pushed them into the corridors and classrooms or were knocked over by large steel roof deck panels, beams and other debris. In these type structures with the brittle nature of concrete block and the ductile nature of steel the corridors were not safe.

Why did the Warren Theatre sustain relatively little damage? 

In contrast, the Warren Theatre that was within 200 yards of the direct path of the tornado only sustained cosmetic and light glass and frame damage. The Warren Theatre structural frame and exterior walls are constructed of monolithic, 8" thick, reinforced concrete panels that were facing the direct path of the tornado.  The steel reinforced concrete wall panels withstood large debris forces and winds upward of 200 mph. This system is very good at resisting the lateral forces of debris and wind while the concrete parapets protect the roof edges from the extreme lifting pressures that occur during a tornado. The waterproofing membrane on the theatre roof was sucked off in some areas and no doubt leaks occurred, but relatively little damage compared to other steel and wood frame buildings in the same area.

Rigid Frame Metal Building Systems - Why the adjacent bowling alley was leveled? 

Just across the parking lot from the Warren Theatre not more than 200 yards once stood a large bowling alley. It was constructed of a metal building systems frame, metal wall panels and metal roof deck.  It was engineered like thousands of metal buildings across the nation. The problem with these structures are many including shear resistance, torsion resistance, lateral stability, designed for up to 90 mph winds only. The roof deck on these structures is held on with steel screws that aren't effective at resisting tension and can pull out quickly becoming flying debris and opening the rest of the building to a twisting effect that tears the steel frame apart and throws it up into the tornado.

My hope is that families, community leaders and private businesses will take the time to understand the value of different structural systems and their relative safety. They can then make informed decisions regarding the facilities first cost vs. occupant safety in the event of such a catastrophic event.

For residential safe room plans and additional information you can go to the FEMA web site by clicking on the following link: FEMA Safe Room Construction and Materials Lists.

Incorporating Residential Design Elements Into Heathcare Facilities

An increasing amount of evidence is being released to support the theory that patients heal faster in environments in which they feel most comfortable. One of the best ways to promote comfort in a heathcare facility among patients, family, and staff is to design an environment that feels natural to everyone involved. People tend to feel most natural and comfortable in their homes, thus an extremely effective way to make a facility feel most natural is to incorporate residential design elements.

Informal lounges and café areas strategically sprinkled throughout a facility can help break up the monotony of a typical hospital layout. These casual areas give visitors a place to relax to check their emails or make a call. Oftentimes, family members and friends of a patient will stay several days with the patient, and these areas can help give a much needed psychological release.

Improvements in building material technology for healthcare application have expanded architects' horizons in choosing materials. Textures and materials that were once not suitable for healthcare use because they didn't meet the strict sanitation requirement have now been optimized for utilization in heathcare facilities. In most cases, not only have these materials been made available for healthcare use, but they provide a net improvement in sanitation and infection control when compared to the outdated materials.

Use of color and light are also two major factors when implementing residential design elements into healthcare facilities. A typical hospital has dull, monotonous lighting which can promote feelings of fear and/or discomfort. This problem can be easily fixed by combining more natural light sources with non-florescent, direct, and indirect task lighting to create ideal lighting conditions. Color choices that provoke feelings of comfort can be chosen to further improve the patient experience. Use of wood grains with a combination of warm and cool colors will help patients feel most at home.

One of the best parts of incorporating residential design elements into healthcare design is that does not require building a brand new facility. Residential design can be incorporated into an existing facility through a simple redesign, thus saving money and time.